Neurogenic Changes in the Upper Airway of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
RATIONALE: Controversy persists regarding the presence and importance of hypoglossal nerve dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OBJECTIVES: We assessed quantitative parameters related to motor unit potential (MUP) morphology derived from electromyographic (EMG) signals in patients with OSA versus control subjects and hypothesized that signs of neurogenic remodeling would be present in the patients with OSA. METHODS: Participants underwent diagnostic sleep studies to obtain apnea-hypopnea indices. Muscle activity was detected with 50-mm concentric needle electrodes. The concentric needle was positioned at more than 10 independent sites per subject, after the local anatomy of the upper airway musculature was examined by ultrasonography. All activity was quantified with subjects awake, during supine eupneic breathing while wearing a nasal mask connected to a pneumotachograph. Genioglossus EMG signals were analyzed offline by automated software (DQEMG), which extracted motor unit potential trains (MUPTs) contributed by individual motor units from the composite EMG signals. Quantitative measurements of MUP templates, including duration, peak-to-peak amplitude, area, area-to-amplitude ratio, and size index, were compared between the untreated patients with OSA and healthy control subjects. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 1,655 MUPTs from patients with OSA (n = 17; AHI, 55 ± 6/h) and control subjects (n = 14; AHI, 4 ± 1/h) were extracted from the genioglossus muscle EMG signals. MUP peak-to-peak amplitudes in the patients with OSA were not different compared with the control subjects (397.5 ± 9.0 vs. 382.5 ± 10.0 μV). However, the MUPs of the patients with OSA were longer in duration (11.5 ± 0.1 vs. 10.3 ± 0.1 ms; P < 0.001) and had a larger size index (4.09 ± 0.02 vs. 3.92 ± 0.02; P < 0.001) compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm and quantify the extent and existence of structural neural remodeling in OSA.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it