Nonradiating electromagnetic sources in a nonuniform medium
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nonradiating electromagnetic sources are sources whose field is identically zero outside of their volume. They are undetectable unless the observation point is in direct contact with them. They are the basis of the theory of source equivalence, which studies the field invariance with respect to source transformations. In this work, we focus on the equivalent source transformations in a nonuniform medium and the implications in the theory of the electromagnetic vector potentials. We identify three types of nonradiating sources. Subsequently, we define the mathematical transformations of the sources, which preserve the field outside of their support (source invariance). We give complimentary expressions, which preserve the field inside the source support as well. We show that the nonuniqueness of the electromagnetic potentials is due to the nonunique solution to the inverse problem. The well known field gauge invariance follows from its source invariance. Also, the gauge-invariant transformation appears to be just one possibility in an infinite set of field-invariant vector-potential representations all related to the respective equivalent source transformations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it