Bibliographic record
Abstract
The structure and evolution of close binary stars has been studied using the two-dimensional stellar structure algorithm developed by Deupree. We have calculated a series of solar composition stellar evolution sequences of binary models in which the mass of the two-dimensional model is 8 M ☉ with a point-mass 5 M ☉ companion. We have also studied the structure of the companion in two dimensions by considering the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) structure of a 5 M ☉ model with an 8 M ☉ point-mass companion. This result suggests that treating the 5 M ☉ star as a point source for the 8 M ☉ evolution is reasonable. In all cases, the binary orbit was assumed to be circular and corotating with the rotation rate of the stars. We considered binary models with three different initial separations, a = 10, 14, and 20 R ☉ . These models were evolved through central hydrogen burning or until the more massive star expanded to fill its critical potential surface or Roche lobe. The model with a separation of 20 R ☉ will be expected to go through case B-type mass transfer during the shell H-burning phase. The 14 R ☉ model is expected to go through mass transfer much earlier, near the middle of core hydrogen burning, and the 10 R ☉ model is very close to this situation at the ZAMS. The calculations show that evolution of the deep interior quantities is only slightly modified from those of single-star evolution. Describing the model surface as a Roche equipotential is also satisfactory until very close to the time of Roche lobe overflow, when the self-gravity of the model about to lose mass develops a noticeable aspherical component and the surface timescale becomes sufficiently short, so that it is conceivable that the actual surface is not an equipotential.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".