Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the European adult population: prevalence, disease awareness, and treatment guidelines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurobiological disorder with childhood onset and persistence into adolescence and adulthood. METHODS: Our literature review reports scientific publications and guidelines on the treatment of adult ADHD, with a particular focus on European countries, identified by literature searches in Medline and Embase. The final literature search was performed in July 2012, incorporating literature from 1974 to 2012. The primary research parameters were 'Europe' (including single European countries), 'ADHD', 'attention deficit disorder', 'attention deficit', 'attention disorder', and 'hyperactivity'. Secondary search parameters were 'comorbid', 'epidemiology' or 'prevalence', 'disease management', 'drug therapy', or 'therapy'. The main searches were also limited to adults and English language publications. The papers identified by this literature review were selected for inclusion by consensus of the authors based on clinical relevance. RESULTS: Appropriate resources for the diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD in Europe are scarce, and many cases go untreated, particularly because of the frequent presence of psychiatric comorbidities. Apart from atomoxetine, and an extended-release form of methylphenidate in Germany, no other medications have been approved for starting treatment in adult ADHD patients in the European Union. However, a variety of stimulant and non-stimulant medications are used off-label, and a number of studies have confirmed that these medications are well tolerated and effective in adult patients with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Our results emphasize the need for broader access to effective treatments for adult ADHD patients in Europe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".