Increasing amounts of crushed wheat fed with Persian clover herbage reduced ruminal pH and dietary fibre digestibility in lactating dairy cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sixteen cows in early lactation were individually fed diets consisting of fresh Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum)-dominant pasture, offered to all cows at 3.7 kg DM/100 kg liveweight (LW); either alone or supplemented with amounts of crushed wheat ranging from ~0.3 to 0.9 kg DM/100 kg LW (four treatments with four cows per treatment). Cows fed Persian clover alone consumed 19 kg DM/day and total DM intake increased (P < 0.001) in a linear manner as the amount of wheat consumed increased, with no significant effects on clover intake. As the proportion of wheat in the diet increased, dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations declined from 28 to 24%, and in vivo NDF (P = 0.055) and acid detergent fibre (ADF; P = 0.015) digestibilities also declined. There were no significant effects of proportion of wheat in the diet on apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter or gross energy. The extent to which negative associative effects on NDF digestion was associated with the clover could not be determined as it was not possible to distinguish between the NDF derived from clover or wheat, but the decline in ADF digestibility suggested that most of the response lay with the clover since the wheat only contained relatively small amounts of ADF. Ruminal fluid pH was below 6.0 for more than 18 h/day in all cows. There was no effect of wheat in the diet on average ruminal fluid pH, but lowest values during the day were negatively related (P < 0.05) to the proportion of wheat in the diet. As the proportion of wheat in the diet increased, ruminal fluid ammonia-N concentration (P < 0.001) and the acetate + butyrate to propionate ratio (P < 0.001) decreased. The proportion of wheat in the diet did not affect nylon bag estimates of NDF degradation rates for grain or forage. Although most data indicated that effects of proportion of wheat in the diet on the utilisation of consumed nutrients were small, the marginal milk response to additional wheat averaged only 0.9 kg energy-corrected milk/kg DM wheat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".