Investigation of Natural Gamma Radioactivity Levels and Associated Dose Rates from Surface Soils in Ore Metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural radioactive materials under certain conditions can reach hazardous radiological levels. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the natural radioactivity levels in soil to assess the dose to the population in order to determine the health risks and to obtain a baseline for future changes that may occur due to human activities. The motivation for this study was the devastating civil war that took place in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970, in which the study area was one of the battle fields. The results of our investigations of the soil in the metropolis of Ore show that the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the soil vary from 14.21±1.40 to 25.87±1.01Bq/kg; 5.30±1.00 to 20.99±1.10Bq/kg and 58.01±1.80 to 382.98±3.00Bq/kg respectively. The total absorbed dose rate calculated from the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K ranged from 15.42±1.10 to 40.99±1.36 nGy/h. The radium equivalent activity (Req) and the annual effective dose rates were also calculated and found to vary from 33.39±2.44 to 85.07±2.96 Bq/kg and from 18.91±1.35 to 50.27±1.69 µSv/y respectively. These values were found to be within the same range as recommended values (UNSCEAR, 2000). The study also indicated that 137Cs detected at three locations is an indication of the presence of artificial radionuclides which can be linked to the war that took place in the ancient town of Ore.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".