Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The Burnt Lake Oil Sand Lease is located approximately 300 km northeast of Edmonton. The lease is estimated to contain 330x106 m3 of bitumen in place in the Clearwater oil sands formation. Cold production was tested in the lease to recover 11°API - 12°API crude bitumen between 1990 - 1993. Three pairs of SAGD operations began in April 1997 after 3 months of circulation. Many interesting characteristics were identified in the injection and production history. During the first year of operation, pressure and oil production rates decreased when steam injection rates were reduced. After the second year of operation, oil production rates responded inversely to steam injection rates. Oil rates were reduced when steam rates were increased, and oil rates increased when steam rates were reduced. Declines in oil rates were relatively slow over the entire operation period. When the steam injection was stopped for approximately 5 months after 5 years of operation, the operation pressure and oil production rates were gradually reduced during this period. Many other unexpected trends were also observed. All these features were consistently seen in all three pairs. This paper presents these behaviours in detail. A simulation study of 9 years of performance of Pair 1 was conducted to understand these characteristics. The history match demonstrated that oil production was achieved by two different mechanisms: one was expansion of the steam chamber and the other was drainage of oil from the layer above the steam chamber. Many unexpected performances were the result of the combination of these two recovery mechanisms.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".