Biodiesel production from used frying oil and microalgae: a preliminary study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to replace 1st generation biodiesel, used frying oil (UFO) and microalgae lipids (Tetraselmis sp.) were tested as feedstocks for biodiesel production.The following conditions were tested for UFO homogenous alkali transesterification: temperature -60ºC; methanol to UFO molar ratio -6:1; catalyst (potassium hydroxide) to UFO mass ratio -1%; reaction time -10 min.A biodiesel yield of 80% (g biodiesel/g UFO) was obtained with a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of 87% (g FAME/g biodiesel).For microalgae lipids homogenous acid transesterification (catalyst: sulphuric acid), a reaction time of 10 min and a temperature of 68ºC led to a biodiesel yield of 50% (g biodiesel/g lipid).This study showed the potential of Tetraselmis sp.microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel production even if UFO resulted in a higher biodiesel yield.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".