Foundation Design for Frost Heave
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Frost heave is the heaving of the ground surface when frost-susceptible soils, in conjunction with high water table or surface water infiltration, freeze. This paper discusses the foundation design strategy for frost-heave forces in areas with substantial frost depths. Only foundations in seasonal frost areas are discussed. Performance of foundations in permafrost and design of pavement and roads are beyond the scope of this paper. As a real case study, the preliminary study and approach that were implemented for the foundation design in a recent project in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada are presented. After preliminary studies, the project decided to implement three primary approaches for foundation designs: (i) Installation of compressible void forms underneath pile-supported foundations; (ii) Installation of 200mm rigid Styrofoam insulation to limit the depth of frost penetration, underlain by 300mm of non frost-susceptible granular fill material, with either soil supported or pile foundations below; and (iii) The use of screw piles with a bond breaker on the shaft above frost line.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".