Recent Trends of Ethnic Chinese Retailing in Metropolitan Toronto
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As the population diversifies in many North American cities due to increased immigration, ethnic retailing has become an important and increasingly visible component of the local retail economy. To date, business geographers have paid little attention to ethnic retailing. This paper attempts to redress this gap by providing a spatial analytical study of the demand for and supply of ethnic retail in the largest Canadian urban market, Toronto. The findings highlight that since the late 1990s, ethnic Chinese retailing in the Toronto market has continued to expand. Three key trends are identified. First, there has been a resurgence of food retailing and growth of modern large-scale supermarkets. Second, developments have begun to shift away from clusters of exclusive ethnic retailing towards a mix with mainstream businesses. Third, a new corridor of ethnic Chinese retailing has developed forming the geographical center of an emerging Chinese-dominated ethnoburb.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it