Enhancement in gas holdup in bubble columns through use of vibrating internals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Including internals in bubble columns is known to enhance the gas holdup. In this paper, a method to achieve this objective substantially has been proposed via the use of vibrating helical spring internals. Experimental observations on effect of vibrating internals such as vibrating helical springs on gas holdup in bubble columns are presented. Effects of superficial gas velocity, H/D ratio (height of the static liquid to column diameter ratio), volume fraction of helical springs, and thickness of the helical spring wires on hydrodynamics parameters are studied. Increase in gas holdup up to 135% is observed by using vibrating helical spring internals in bubble columns compared to bubble columns without internals. This method offers a simple, cost‐effective, and easy way to enhance gas holdup even at high gas fluxes. It has been reported that this enhancement stems from the fact that the vibrating springs breakup the gas into fine bubbles, which effectively reduces their rise velocity and enhances their average residence time in the liquid column.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".