Value-Added Processing of Lactose: Preparation of Bioactive Lactobionic Acid Using a Novel Catalytic Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The microaerial oxidation of an aqueous solution of lactose to lactonionic acid (LBA) over the heterogeneous bimetallic catalyst Bi-Pd supported on mesoporous SBA-15 material was carried out in an agitated semi-batch reactor in alkaline medium within the pH range of 7 to 9.The present work focused on the synthesis and characterization of the bimetallic catalyst as well as optimization of the reaction operating conditions. To this purpose, the effect of both active metals loading on the support, metal/lactose ratio, reaction pH and dissolved oxygen concentration on the oxidation performances was examined at a very mild temperature of 65 oC.The bimetallic catalyst 1.02%Pd, 0.64%Bi/SBA-15, (Bi/Pd molar ratio of 0.3) showed the highest activity (96 % lactose conversion) and 100 % selectivity towards the targeted LBA product. Furthermore, the formulated catalyst proved to be stable in the reaction medium as both metals leaching was insignificant. Based on XRD and XPS analyses, it is suggested that the metals constituting the bimetallic catalyst active sites assemble into an intermetallic alloy having Bi1.75Pd stoichiometry.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".