Time‐lapse AVO modeling for enhanced coal‐bed methane production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A pilot project that aims to enhance coalbed methane production is being undertaken in the Pembina Field of Alberta. The project involves injecting carbon dioxide into a reservoir in an attempt to accelerate methane desorption from the coals. Time-lapse seismic surveys will be used to monitor the reservoir which is initially expected to produce mainly water from an adjacent production well. The PP and PS AVO reflectivity of coals are modeled for the case of initially water saturated coals and the case of dewatered coals. It is found that the time lapse change in the AVO of the coals under dewatering should be detectable in the normal incidence PP amplitude and the gradient of the PS AVO if sufficient bandwidth is recorded in the reflection data. In preparation for the project's 3D baseline survey, the University of Calgary acquired a 2D single component seismic line at the project site in June 2006. The bandwidth in the raw data shows energy with frequencies up to 100 Hz. These data should provide sufficient bandwidth to resolve the expected time-lapse changes in the pilot project.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".