Hydrofracture Mapping and Monitoring with Borehole Electromagnetic (EM) Methods
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Much of the recent petroleum exploration and development activities in the US and around the world have focused on unconventional resources, which predominantly consist of low-permeability siltstones and shale reservoirs. Although several geophysical methods have been applied to map the fractures from the deformation or the induced microseismic events that they cause, these methods do not image the sections of the fractures held open by injected proppant. This is where electromagnetics (EM) can help. We investigate EM methods of imaging and monitoring induced fractures from the distribution of a proppant. Here, we apply some novel field technologies, effective medium theory, and a modified proppant mix to image the propped section of an induced fracture. The 3D simulation shows that a “typical” induced fracture is visible using surface-to-well EM techniques and that the measurement depends on the height and areal extent of the fractured volume
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it