Patients’ Physical Response to Thiopental and Alternative Anesthetic Agents in the Setting of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drug shortages continue to be at the forefront of health care concerns.1,2Thiopental, an agent used for anesthesia during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), became unavailable in North America in August 2010. The sole producer of this drug, Hospira (headquartered in Lake Forest, Illinois), ceased production because of liability concerns if thiopental were used via lethal injection to enforce the death penalty.3 The thiopental shortage altered the practice of ECT, forcing a shift to alternative anesthetics. Of concern were the potentially negative consequences of using alternative agents, such as decreased efficacy and increased incidence of adverse effects.2 This study examined ECT session outcomes, relative to recommended criteria for ECT (as described in Appendix 1), to compare patients’ experiences during ECT performed with thiopental (the main anesthetic agent used in 2009) and their experiences during ECT performed with prescriber-selected alternatives used in 2011, when thiopental was in shortage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".