The efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatments for mood, anxiety, and related disorders.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We provide a narrative review of the extensive evidence that supports the efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatments, across the life span, for common mental health disorders. To this end, relying primarily on meta-analytic studies, we examine the effects of psychological treatments for depression, bipolar disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Based upon data from hundreds of studies and thousands of participants, there is substantial evidence for both the efficacy and effectiveness of specific forms of psychological intervention for these disorders. Moreover, for most disorders, the clinical impact of specific forms of psychological treatment has been found to be at least equal to that of medication. Accordingly, the research evidence strongly supports the use of a number of specific psychological treatments, most of which are cognitive-behavioural treatments, as first-line interventions for these commonly occurring mental disorders among youth, adults, and older adults.Keywords: treatment efficacy, treatment effectiveness, mood disorders, anxiety disordersResumeNous presentons une revue narrative des preuves approfondies qui confirment l'efficacite et l'utilite des traitements psychologiques, au cours des diverses etapes de la vie, pour les troubles de sante mentale courants. A cette fin, au moyen essentiellement de meta- analyses, nous examinons les effets des traitements psy- chologiques pour la depression, le trouble bipolaire, le trouble d'anxiete generalise, le trouble d'anxiete sociale, les phobies pre- cises, le trouble panique, le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif et le syndrome de stress post-traumatique. Selon les donnees tirees de centaines d'etudes regroupant des milliers de participants, il existe des preuves substantielles tant de l'efficacite que de l'utilite des interventions psychologiques precises pour ces troubles. En outre, pour la plupart, l'effet clinique de traitements psychologiques precis s'est revele au moins equivalent a celui de la medication. Ainsi, les resultats des recherches appuient fortement l'usage de certains traitements psychologiques precis, dont la plupart sont des therapies cognitivo-comportementales, en tant qu'intervention de premiere ligne pour ces troubles mentaux qui sont courants parmi les jeunes, les adultes et les aines.Mots-cles : efficacite d'un traitement, utilite d'un traitement, trou- bles de l'humeur, troubles anxieux.Based on the results of extensive research on the effects of psychological treatments, the American Psychological Association (2013) passed a resolution recognising the substantial clinical impact of psychotherapy. Although such a global statement about the positive effect of psychotherapy does reflect the general re- search findings, it glosses over the substantial variability evident in the psychological treatment research literature, including (a) not all treatments have been empirically evaluated, and (b) some treat- ments are more efficacious than others in the treatment of specific disorders (e.g., Siev & Chambless, 2007). Psychotherapies have been developed to address a broad range of mental health and health conditions, which makes it essential that consumers of the treatment literature have an awareness of the differences in the nature, strength, and scope of evidence supporting the various options available to treat a specific disorder or condition. In particular, it is critical for consumers of the research literature to be able to determine the forms of treatment that have been demon- strated to improve psychosocial functioning for those suffering from prevalent mental disorders. Such information is essential for clinicians delivering psychological treatments, for those develop- ing policies on first-line treatment options, and, of course, for those seeking treatment.In recent years, an important distinction has been emphasised in the treatment literature with respect to research focused on the outcome of psychological interventions. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.038 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".