By-product formation during ultraviolet disinfection of a pretreated surface water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A low-pressure (LP-UV) and medium-pressure UV lamp (MP-UV) were compared for the formation of nitrite, assimilable organic carbon (AOC), and genotoxicity using pretreated surface water in a bench UV unit. The results have been compared with the by-products formed in pretreated surface water using a pilot unit equipped with four medium-pressure lamps identical to the one used in the bench unit. It was found that although significant nitrite formation occurred in the MP-UV bench tests, it remained well below the European standard (0.1 mg/L NO2–) in the pilot unit. The LP-UV gave no or very low amounts of nitrite (bench unit). The AOC and genotoxicity increase with LP-UV was negligible. The AOC content and genotoxicity after MP-UV irradiation in the bench unit was significant as well, whereas AOC was formed limitedly in the pilot unit. Genotoxicity was elevated but not significant. Key words: AOC, biodosimetry, by-products, disinfection, genotoxicity, LP-UV, MP-UV, nitrite, UV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".