Tryptophan-rich antimicrobial peptides: comparative properties and membrane interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The interaction of several tryptophan (Trp)-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides with membranes was investigated. These peptides included tritrpticin, indolicidin, lactoferricin B (Lfcin B), and a shorter fragment of lactoferricin (LfcinB4-9). The average environment of the Trp residues of these peptides was assessed from their fluorescence properties, both the wavelength of maximal emission as well as the red edge effect. The insertion of the peptides into vesicles of differing composition was examined using quenching of the Trp fluorescence, with both soluble acrylamide and nitroxide-labelled phospholipids as well as by chemical modification of the Trp residues with N-bromosuccinimide. The results were consistent with the Trp side chains positioned mostly near the membrane-water interface. The extent of burial of the Trp side chains appears to be greater in vesicles containing phospholipids with the anionic phosphatidylglycerol headgroup. Leakage of the aqueous contents of liposomes was also measured using the 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid--p-xylene-bis-pyridinium bromide assay. Tritrpticin, which demonstrated the greatest red edge shift, also displayed the largest amount of leakage from liposomes. Taken together, the results illustrate that cationic Trp-rich antimicrobial peptides preferentially disrupt large unilamellar vesicles with a net negative charge following their insertion into the interfacial region of the phospholipid bilayer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".