Thermodynamics of heterogeneous multicomponent condensation on mixed nuclei
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We consider a nucleating center consisting of both an insoluble core and soluble species and develop the thermodynamics of isothermal formation of a droplet on such a nucleus in a multicomponent vapor mixture. Two different approaches to the derivation of the free energy of droplet formation within the framework of the capillarity approximation are considered. If condensation is not barrierless, the free energy of formation describes a multidimensional free-energy surface having a “well” point and a “saddle” point. It is shown that in a strict theory, taking account of surface enrichment effects, the compositions of droplets corresponding to these two points are equal and can be found without knowing the surface tension of the droplet. For the case of no surfactants in the droplet, we extend the Kuni method of investigating the behavior of the free energy of droplet formation to the case of heterogeneous multicomponent condensation on mixed nuclei, which makes it possible to find out all the main features of the free-energy surface without explicitly knowing the free-energy itself. The theoretical results are illustrated by numerical calculations for the water–methanol condensation on mixed nuclei.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it