Microphysical characterization of mixed‐phase clouds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A detailed study of mixed‐phase clouds associated with frontal systems obtained from a large dataset collected by the Convair 580 aircraft of the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada is presented. The total length of analysed in‐cloud legs having total‐water content (TWC) >0.01g m−3 was about 44×103km. The ice–water fraction (µ3=ice−water content/TWC) had a minimum in the range 0.1<µ3<0.9, and two maxima for liquid clouds (µ3<0.1) and ice clouds (µ3>0.9). The concentration of particles in glaciated clouds was found to be nearly constant at 2 – 5 cm −3 for temperatures −35°C<T<0°C. The concentration of droplets in liquid clouds decreased with decreasing temperature. The mean volume diameter of particles in ice clouds varied between 20 μm and 35 μm, and in liquid clouds between 10 μm and 12 μm. Both ice‐ and liquid‐water content decreased with decreasing temperature. The results of this study may be used for validation of remote‐sensing retrievals, and for weather‐ and climate‐models. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".