Discovery of 21-cm absorption in a <i>z</i>abs = 2.289 damped Lyman α system towards TXS 0311+430: the first low spin temperature absorber at <i>z</i> &gt; 1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report the detection of H i 21-cm absorption from the z= 2.289 damped Lyman α system (DLA) towards TXS 0311+430 with the Green Bank Telescope. The 21-cm absorption has a velocity spread (between nulls) of ∼110 km s−1 and an integrated optical depth of . We also present new Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope 602-MHz imaging of the radio continuum. TXS 0311+430 is unresolved at this frequency, indicating that the covering factor of the DLA is likely to be high. Combining the integrated optical depth with the DLA H i column density of yields a spin temperature of Ts= (138 ± 36) K, assuming a covering factor of unity. This is the first case of a low spin temperature (<350 K) in a z > 1 DLA and is among the lowest temperatures ever measured in any DLA. Indeed, the Ts measured for this DLA is similar to values measured in the Milky Way and local disc galaxies. We also determine a lower limit (Si/H) ≳ 1/3 solar for the DLA metallicity, amongst the highest abundances measured in DLAs at any redshift. Based on low-redshift correlations, the low Ts, large 21-cm absorption width and high metallicity all suggest that the z∼ 2.289 DLA is likely to arise in a massive, luminous disc galaxy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".