Three-step model for condensin activation during mitotic chromosome condensation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chromosomes undergo a major structural reorganization during mitosis. The first step in this reorganization is the compaction of interphase chromatin into highly condensed mitotic chromosomes. An evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit ATPase, the condensin complex, plays a critical role in establishing chromosome architecture and promoting chromosome condensation in mitosis. How does condensin promote chromosome condensation and how, in turn, is the cell cycle machinery activating or restraining condensin activity during the cell cycle are fundamental questions for cell biology. In this review, we examine the role of post-translational modifications, and in particular multi-site phosphorylation, in the regulation of condensin activity during the cell cycle. Remarkably, inspection of phosphorylation sites identified through multiple proteome-wide mass spectrometry analyses reveals that the phosphorylation landscape of condensin is highly conserved evolutionarily and that several kinases regulate condensin in vivo. This analysis leads us to propose a model, the ultrasensitive/kinase switch model, whereby the phosphorylation of condensin by multiple kinases allows the process of chromosome condensation to be maintained and even increased under fluctuating levels of cyclin-CDK activity during mitosis. Our model reconciles how chromosome condensation might be highly sensitive to low levels of CDK activity in early mitosis and subsequently insensitive to the declining levels of CDK activity in late mitosis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it