Ordovician arc collision and foredeep evolution in the Gaspé Peninsula, Québec: the Taconic Orogeny in Canada and its bearing on the Grampian Orogeny in Scotland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Middle to Upper Ordovician Deslandes, Cloridorme and Garin Formations in the eastern Gaspé Peninsula, Québec, are some of the most extensively exposed foredeep successions along the northern Appalachian portion of the Taconic–Caledonian orogen. Their depositional and biostratigraphic frameworks ( N. gracilis to C. spiniferus Zones, approximate correlatives to the N. gracilis to D. clingani British Zones) indicate that foredeep evolution spanned c. 10 Ma and was essentially synchronous with the convergence and accretion of the Popelogan arc to the Laurentian margin during the Caradoc ( c. 458–449 Ma). These results, when combined with metamorphic and radiometric age data synthesized from across the Laurentian segments of the northern Appalachian and northwestern Ireland Taconic–Caledonian orogen, further substantiate that orogenesis consisted of several short‐lived ( c. 10–20 Ma) deformational episodes confined to Arenig through Ashgill time ( c. 485–440 Ma). This indicates that the total duration of orogeny, as recorded by arc magmatism, metamorphism and Laurentian foredeep development, spanned no more than c. 45 Ma. In that the Scottish Caledonides are a consanguineous part of this orogen, their tectonostratigraphic evolution, i.e., Grampian Orogeny, should be similar. Accordingly, the results detailed above are geodynamically compatible with and thereby support tectonic models that define the Grampian Orogeny in Scotland as a mostly Early to Mid‐Ordovician ( c. 480–460 Ma) tectonic episode of short, rather than long duration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".