An Ultra-Wideband Spatial Filter for Time-of-Arrival Localization in Tunnels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An ultra-wideband (UWB) spatial filter is proposed to mitigate multipath effects in a one-way time-of-arrival (TOA) localization system that localizes along one dimension inside a tunnel. The spatial filter is a two-dimensional weighted array of judiciously placed antennas that exploits the fact that electromagnetic waves propagate as modes in a tunnel by selectively extracting these mode(s). The design of several spatial filters is presented alongside vigorous analyses to characterize the localization performance afforded by them in a noisy environment. The filters are evaluated using data from an analytical equation waveguide model, a ray tracer model and measurements. These spatial filters deliver accurate localization estimates across distance and well-designed filters can operate at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) than single sensors and their performance is comparable to basic time-reversal (TR) systems. Moreover, the use of the spatial filter in the localization system allows for relatively simple signal processing of received signals in comparison to alternative receiver architectures, such as Rake and TR. Insights into successful spatial filter design are provided in this contribution and this spatial filtering technique has created a new branch of multipath-aware localization systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".