Composition changes during disturbed conditions: Are mass spectrometers overestimating the concentrations of atomic oxygen?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mass spectrometer measurements during disturbed conditions have shown that heavier gases like N2 and Ar can be substantially enhanced while lighter gases like He can suffer moderate to severe depletions. Quantifying the changes in atomic and molecular oxygen is usually much more difficult as most mass spectrometers are not able to distinguish between ambient molecular oxygen and the molecular oxygen created by atomic oxygen‐satellite surface reactions, but the paucity of molecular oxygen above 250 km normally allows one to attribute any molecular oxygen above 250 km to the recombination of atomic oxygen on a satellite surface. High resolution simulations presented in this study suggest that large amounts of molecular oxygen can be transported upwards by vertical winds during geomagnetic storms and that the neglect of this effect could mean that mass spectrometers are overestimating the concentrations of atomic oxygen. These overestimations can be quite significant; a mass spectrometer inferred atomic oxygen depletion of 50% at 280 km could mean that the atomic oxygen number densities are actually one‐seventh of their quiet‐time values while the simulated molecular oxygen concentrations are 25 times greater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".