Structural Health Monitoring of Composites Using Integrated and Flexible Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two types of ultrasonic sensors are presented for structural health monitoring (SHM) and non-destructive testing (NDT) of graphite/epoxy (Gr/Ep) composites of thickness ranging from 1 mm to 12.7 mm. These piezoelectric film-based sensors are fabricated using a sol-gel spray technique. The center operation frequency of these sensors ranges from 1.3 MHz to 14.5 MHz. For the first sensor type, piezoelectric films of thickness ≥30 μm were deposited directly onto planar and curved Gr/Ep composites surfaces as integrated sensors. Ultrasonic signals propagating in a distance of more than 300 mm have been obtained. Anisotropy of 08 and 908 cross ply Gr/Ep composite is measured and delamination detected. For the second sensor type, piezoelectric films are coated onto a 50 μm thick polyimide membrane as flexible sensors that may be attached to a host composite structure with planar or curved surfaces. An induction type non-contact method for the interrogation of the Gr/Ep composites using integrated sensors is also presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".