Gender Similarities and Differences
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Changes in women's social role over the past years likely influenced the gender gap in substance use and substance-related disorders, with potentially significant prevention and treatment implications. The authors reviewed the literature about gender differences in prevalence estimates and course of substance-related disorders. Male-to-female ratios of prevalence estimates of substance use are narrowing in different countries. The initiation of substance use is progressively taking place at younger ages, the trend being more dramatic among women as compared to men. Women's accelerated progression to dependence (so-called "telescoping effect") is a robust finding among alcohol-dependent individuals, although the effect seems to be weaker among younger individuals. As for other drugs, the literature is weaker and further research is needed. It is concluded that women's earlier age of initiation of substance use, faster progression to dependence and under-representation in addiction treatments should be addressed in future health care planning.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it