Warm water pathways, transports, and transformations in the northwestern North Atlantic and their modification by cold air outbreaks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a numerical study of the warm water pathways, transports, and water mass transformation in the Newfoundland Basin region and an investigation of the rectification effects of a series of cold air outbreaks (CAOs) on the above processes. An initial “mean state” simulation was compared with observations and showed good agreement. Then, repeated CAO events were explicitly included in the surface fluxes and illustrated the following rectification effects. The thermal regime of the entire baroclinic layer was impacted, as the thermocline deepened and the temperature anomaly was noticeable down to ∼500 m. Different mechanisms were responsible for the propagation of the temperature anomaly at different stages. During the onset of the CAO, vertical diffusion propagated the temperature anomaly downward near the surface, then vertical advection further propagated the anomaly downward between CAO events to about 500 m depth. With CAOs, the North Atlantic Current carried more warm water, and its pathway in the Northwest Corner shifted towards the southeast. The volume‐averaged mean and eddy kinetic energy increased by 30% and 20%, respectively, and the water mass transformation rate in the Newfoundland basin was doubled. The Gulf Stream carried more heat, but heat transport to the eastern basin decreased owing to the increase in heat release to the atmosphere.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".