The Contestation over National Identity: Nineteenth-Century Black Americans in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines black Americans and their search for safety, liberty, and what Floyd Miller called “a black nationality,” on the eve of the Civil War. It is concerned with those nineteenth-century African Americans whose spatial movements, and their relationships to the state, can be defined and understood through their crossing of the forty-ninth parallel into Canada at some point during their lives. In Canadian towns and cities like Toronto, Windsor, Chatham, and Amherstburg, black American expatriates grappled with questions of political and national allegiance. They used Canada West as an outpost where they could devise strategies to confront the racial oppression that gripped their lives and enslaved their families. Through their newspapers, conventions, and churches, black subjects on both sides of the border engaged in a wide-ranging debate about where they belonge, and where to invest their hopes for the future (Miller).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".