A New Analytical Method for Analyzing Production Data from Shale Gas Reservoirs Exhibiting Linear Flow: Constant Pressure Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Many tight/shale gas wells exhibit linear flow, which can last for several years. Linear flow can be analyzed using square root-time plot, a plot of rate-normalized pressure versus square root of time. Linear flow appears as a straight line on this plot and the slope of this line can be used to calculate the product of fracture half-length and square root of permeability. In this paper, linear flow from a fractured well in tight/shale gas reservoir under a constant flowing pressure constraint is studied. It is shown that the slope of square root-time plot results in an overestimation of fracture half-length, if permeability is known. The degree of this overestimation is influenced by initial pressure, flowing pressure and formation compressibility. An analytical method is presented to correct the slope of the square root-time plot to eliminate the overestimation of fracture half-length. The method is validated using a number of numerically-simulated cases. As expected, the square root-time plots for these simulated cases appear as a straight line during linear flow for constant flowing pressure. It is found that the newly-developed analytical method results in a more reliable estimate of fracture half-length, if permeability is known. Our approach, which is fully-analytical, results in an improvement in linear flow analysis over previously-presented methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".