Estimating the Shear Modulus of Gravelly Soils
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A special large-scale torsional resonant column apparatus was used to test gravelly soils. Values of small strain elastic shear modulus (Gmax) and modulus reduction relationships [shear modulus (G) versus shear strain (γ)] were measured for specimens of uniform and graded crushed limestone gravel, graded river gravel, standard Ottawa and crushed limestone sands, and gravel–sand–silt mixtures. Measurements of Gmax were used to modify existing three-dimensional constitutive equations for soil elasticity for application to gravelly soils. The value of Gmax for relatively clean uniform and graded gravels was found to increase with particle size. Soils with a variety of gradations were tested to identify the particular particle size in a graded material that is effective in determining Gmax. With respect to modulus reduction, the need to normalize both modulus and strain is demonstrated. Normalization of both modulus and strain (G∕Gmax versus γ∕γr, where γr is defined as reference strain) leads to relationships that are approximately independent of stress level for a given material.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it