Los empresarios del vino en chile y su aporte a la transformación de la agricultura, de 1870 a 1930
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Este artículo analiza el caso de los principales propietarios agrícolas, especializados en la producción de vino en Chile central, durante el período de 1870 a 1930. Se estudia las razones que llevaron a esos empresarios a invertir en el vino, ya que en su gran mayoría no eran agricultores. Posteriormente, se hace la distinción entre los productores, todos de familias chilenas, y los distribuidores, que fueron en su enorme mayoría inmigrantes, sobre todo catalanes. Finalmente, se discute la cuestión del aporte a la "modernización" de la agricultura de esa época, concluyéndose que si bien hubo una renovación tecnológica importante, esa transformación no llegó al nivel social, ya que los viñateros mantuvieron las antiguas relaciones de producción, que implicaba un tipo de trabajo no siempre enmarcado en la economía salarial, se opusieron a la aplicación de las leyes del trabajo y no innovaron en el sistema de administración de las empresas, que siguieron siendo organizadas como un negocio familiar. This article studies the case of the main vineyards owners in central Chile from 1870 to 1930. First, it analyzes why these entrepreneurs invested in the wine business, since almost all of them had made their fortune in activities outside agriculture. Secondly, it deals with the distinction between producers, all of them Chileans, and distributors, mainly immigrants from Catalonia. Finally, it discusses whether these entrepreneurs brought some degree of "modernization" in the agriculture of those years. The author thinks that if it is true that there was an important technological change in the wineries founded by those businessmen, on the other side these same owners did not change the traditional system of production, keeping the rural workers in a system which was not always based on salary. Besides, they opposed to the implementation of the social laws in the countryside and they did not use a more efficient system of administration, since the wineries remained a family business.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".