The gut microenvironment of helicid snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): in-situ profiles of pH, oxygen, and hydrogen determined by microsensors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In-situ profiles of pH, oxygen, and hydrogen were measured in isolated guts of starved terrestrial gastropods belonging to four species, Cornu aspersum (syn. Helix aspersa), Elona quimperiana, Helix pomatia, and Helix lucorum (excepted pH), using Clark-type oxygen and hydrogen microsensors and liquid-ion-exchanger pH microelectrodes. The pH profiles in the two phyllophagous species, H. pomatia and C. aspersum, increased by 0.9 and 1.4 from the crop to the distal intestine (pH 6.4 and 7.4, respectively). In the saprophagous E. quimperiana, as in H. pomatia, the pH along the gut axis remained acidic (5.16.6), suggesting saprophagous habits in the latter. In all four species, no oxygen was detected in the gut lumen. Nevertheless, steep oxygen gradients around the gut epithelium indicated high oxygen-uptake rates. The estimated respiratory activity of the intestine ranged between 6.5 (E. quimperiana) and 13.1 (H. lucorum) μmol O 2 ·g fresh mass 1 ·h 1 . Hydrogen accumulated in the intestine and digestive gland of all snails tested, with the highest values in E. quimperiana and H. pomatia (58 and 78 μM, respectively). These results provide the basis for a better understanding of the microbial and biochemical processes involved in digestion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".