Calcification in human intervertebral disc degeneration and scoliosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calcification is a pathological process that may lead to impairment of nutrient supply and disc metabolism in degenerative and scoliotic intervertebral discs (IVDs). The purpose of this study was to assess the calcification potential of IVDs in degenerative disc disease (DDD) and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). For this purpose, 34 IVDs from 16 adult patients with DDD and 25 IVDs from 9 adolescent patients with AIS were obtained at surgery. The concave and convex parts of the scoliotic discs were analyzed separately. Von Kossa staining was performed to visualize calcium deposits, while type X collagen (COL X) expression associated with endochondral ossification was measured by immunohistochemistry. Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations were used as indicators of calcification potential. Results showed the presence of calcium deposits and COL X in degenerative and scoliotic IVDs, but not in control discs, and the level of the indicators of calcification potential was consistently higher in degenerative and scoliotic discs than in control discs. The results suggest that disc degeneration in adults is associated with ongoing mineral deposition and that mineralization in AIS discs might reflect a premature degenerative process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".