Radiocarbon analysis of mortar from Roman and Byzantine water management installations in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash, Jordan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jerash (Gerasa) in northwestern Jordan is an important Decapolis city displaying urban development for more than a millennium beginning in the late Hellenistic period (1st century CE). Despite more than a hundred years of archaeological explorations at the site there are still major questions about the city's urban development which are left open due to the nature of the archaeological investigations undertaken at the site. This in particular pertains to questions about the city's extension in the Roman period. During the investigations undertaken by the Danish–German Northwest Quarter Project since 2011 it has become clear that this area of the city partly has undergone extensive phases of reuse and therefore a strict chronology is difficult to obtain through the archaeological strata themselves. In the 2013 campaign excavation was undertaken in the largest cistern within the city walls, which is located in the Northwest Quarter. The cistern was in parts lined with several layers of mortar belonging to different phases of use. Furthermore water pressure pipes embedded in mortar were found in-situ on the hill. Since methods for dating mortar have become more refined over the later years it was decided to have 14C AMS dating of 25 samples done in order to test chronology and relative phases in the cistern and the construction of the water pressure pipe system in order and clarify dating as well as possible relation between the cistern and the pipes. These results together with the archaeological evidence show that the urban development of Gerasa and its extension in the Roman period needs to be reconsidered and that there now seems to be hard evidence for among other things water supply in the Northwest Quarter dating to the Roman period which is earlier in this part of the city than usually assumed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".