Has Québec Become a Northern Mexico? Public Opinion and America's “Long War”
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In contrast with Mexico, a consistent pattern of anti-Americanism has never been present in Québec, but there has been an ostensible upsurge in anti-American sentiment recently. This article asks whether Québec has become a "northern Mexico" with respect to societal attitudes displayed toward the United States. To answer this, we first explore the argument that Mexico is effectively an axiomatically anti-American land. We then examine public opinion in Québec, with a view to contrasting it with Mexican views, especially on the all-important question of the use of force in international politics. We argue that Quebeckers show themselves to be more supportive than Mexicans of the idea that the "international community" in certain instances does have both a right and a duty to intervene in the domestic affairs of states. Keywords: anti-Americanismpublic opinionQuébecMexicouse of armed force Notes 1. There is no mention of the PQ's position on North American integration in its latest (2008) electoral platform. 2. It must be noted that Stephen Harper was not suggesting that Québec was determining Canadian foreign policy; he was merely responding to anti-American rhetoric unleashed by some Liberal cabinet members. 3. The term "unilateral," although widely used, is somewhat misleading given that 31 states, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands, South Korea, Italy, and Japan, supported military action against Saddam Hussein in 2003. 4. Justin Massie (Citation2008) argues that the Québec/ROC attitudinal differences are much less important than often assumed; it is those between Québec and Alberta that prove more significant, constituting distinct regional strategic subcultures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".