Agglomeration and Deposition of Coke during Cracking of Petroleum Vacuum Residue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrophobic fine solids can reduce the yield of toluene-insoluble coke in thermal cracking of heavy oils at short reaction times. In this work, fine carbon solids were used as additives in the coking of Arab heavy-vacuum residue (AHVR) in 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) to study the mechanism of this interaction. Both mesophase carbon and spherical graphite particles significantly reduced the coke yield compared with the case of no solid addition. Coke deposited on the surfaces of the two hydrophobic additives. This nucleation of coke deposition on the solid reduced the agglomeration of the coke, giving a better dispersion in the liquid. The highly dispersed coke phase on fine solids was more accessible for reactions with hydrogen-donor compounds in the oil phase, which in turn inhibited the initial rate of coke formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".