Autophagy in the Heart and Liver During Normal Aging and Calorie Restriction
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated intracellular process for the degradation of cellular constituents and essential for the maintenance of a healthy cell. We evaluated the effects of age and life-long calorie restriction on autophagy in heart and liver of young (6 months) and old (26 months) Fisher 344 rats. We observed that the occurrence of autophagic vacuoles was higher in heart than liver. The occurrence of autophagic vacuoles was not affected by age in either tissue, but was increased with calorie restriction in heart but not in liver. Next, we examined the expression of proteins involved in the formation and maturation of autophagosomes (beclin-1, LC3, Atg7, Atg9) or associated with autolysosomes and lysosomes (LAMP-1; cathepsin D). In hearts of both ad libitum-fed and calorie-restricted rats, we observed an increase in expression of beclin-1 and procathepsin D, but not mature cathepsin D, and a decrease in expression of LAMP-1 because of aging. In hearts, calorie restriction stimulated the expression of Atg7 and Atg9 and the lipidation of Atg8 (elevated LC3-II/I ratios) in aged rats. In hearts of ad libitum-fed rats, expression of Atg7 and lipidation of Atg8 were unaffected by age, while the cellular levels of Atg9 were lower in aged animals. Furthermore, we observed that the age- and diet-dependent expression levels of those proteins differed between heart and liver. In conclusion, autophagy in heart and liver did not decrease with age in ad libitum-fed rats, but was enhanced by calorie restriction in the heart. Thus, calorie restriction may mediate some of its beneficial effects by stimulating autophagy in the heart, indicating the potential for cardioprotective therapies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it