Application of CO-Foam as a Means of Reducing Carbon Dioxide Mobility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Reducing the mobility of carbon dioxide through co-injection of CO2 and a suitable surfactant solution to form a CO2-foam system is a promising method for improving the oil recovery in carbon dioxide flooding projects. This paper presents the results of a set of experiments on screening and selecting a suitable surfactant for CO2 -foam purposes in a carbonate porous medium, as well as the effect of various parameters on the mobility of the CO2-foam system. Four surfactants were examined and the one that performed best throughout the screening experiments was used in the subsequent flow experiments. The surfactants tested were Surfonic N- 95, Surfonic L24–9, Bio-Terge AS-40, and Chaser CD-1045. The screening criterion selected was the fall in foam height with time at 60 ° C for 0.1 wt% solution of the above mentioned surfactants. Chaser CD-1045 performed best in all screening tests and was used during the flow experiments. Flow experiments were conducted through a porous medium made of crushed carbonate at pressures of 8,270 kPa and 10,336 kPa, and temperatures of 22 ° C and 50 ° C. Mobility of CO2 -brine (simulating the WAG process) and CO2-surfactant systems were compared through a series of experiments. The effect of operating pressure and temperature, brine concentration, and the ratio of the amount of CO2 to total foam (i.e., foam quality) on the mobility of a CO2-foam system were investigated and results are presented. The results indicate that additional oil is recoverable for CO2-foam vs. the co-injection of CO2 and brine simulating the WAG process. Introduction From the pore-scale point of view, dense carbon dioxide is an ideal displacement fluid for many crude oils because it can achieve miscibility with oil through a multi-contact miscibility process under the pressure and temperature conditions of a wide range of reservoirs. However, even when pressure conditions for miscibility are met, this high microscopic sweep efficiency is not often approached in reservoir operations due to the non-uniformity of the flow patterns. Large-scale reservoir heterogeneities, such as fractures or high-permeability streaks, cause early breakthrough of injected carbon dioxide, which will reduce oil recovery efficiency. One effective way of increasing the ultimate oil recovery under CO2 flooding conditions is by reducing the mobility of the injected carbon dioxide. The most common method for achieving this goal is through the injection of slugs of CO2 and water alternatively (i.e., the WAG process). During the WAG process, water reduces the mobility of carbon dioxide; but it also traps oil, increases water flow, and decreases extraction of hydrocarbons from oil by carbon dioxide(1). Another method for reducing the mobility of carbon dioxide is the CO2-foam technique. In this method, a surfactant solution is injected along with carbon dioxide into the reservoir. This combination forms foam in the reservoir, and the presence of foam reduces the mobility of carbon dioxide considerably. However, for any CO2 -foam project, there are challenges that must be met.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".