The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) interferes with intermediary metabolism and glucose homeostasis, but not with ion balance, in larval sea lamprey (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although treatment of streams with the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been highly effective for sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) population control in the Great Lakes, little is known about its mechanism(s) of toxicity. We investigated two hypotheses of TFM toxicity in larval sea lamprey exposed to TFM for 12 h. The first was that TFM interferes with oxidative ATP production by mitochondria, causing depletion of fuel stores in the body. The second was that TFM interferes with gill-mediated ion exchange, which eventually causes circulatory collapse. While exposure of larvae to TFM (2 mg·L–1) did not disturb tissue ATP stores, it led to a sustained 60% reduction in phosphocreatine (PCr) after 6 h. This was accompanied by 6- to 10-fold increases in plasma and tissue lactate, which persisted through 12 h. By 12 h, plasma glucose was nearly depleted in the five surviving lamprey, but TFM caused no appreciable changes in plasma Cl–, haematocrit, haemoglobin, or ammonia concentration. We conclude that TFM-mediated gill damage and ionic failure are not underlying mechanisms of TFM toxicity. Rather, TFM likely interferes with oxidative ATP production, leading to reduced tissue PCr stores and eventually profound hypoglycaemia that starves the nervous system of glucose, causing death.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".