Collective Rights, Liberal Discourse, and Public Order: The Clash over Catholic Processions in Mid-Victorian Toronto
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Two occasions when Protestants attacked Roman Catholic religious processions in Victorian Toronto – the 1864 Corpus Christi celebrations and the Jubilee Riots of 1875 – provide opportunities for deepening understandings of liberal discourse in relationship to public order in Canada. The intensity of the religious disputes grew from differences in religious belief and ethnicity and from established patterns of public behaviour. Catholic processionists asserted their presence as a religious minority with a history of collective rights in Canada and as believers doing what God and the Church willed. Some Protestants, many of them Orangemen, tried to prevent open displays of Catholicism in a city that was three-quarters Protestant. Meantime, other Torontonians called for tolerance of religious difference, a position that drew the ire of commentators in the evangelical religious press. The violence and the heated debates about religious rights reveal strong challenges to the making of the liberal order.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".