Structural investigation of interface and defects in epitaxial Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 film on SrRuO3/SrTiO3 (111) and (100)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The structure of La-doped bismuth titanate (BLT), Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12, is investigated with atomic resolution high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy. The images reveal evidence of the tilting of TiO6 octahedra within the perovskite-like layers of the BLT unit cell. The tendency of La ions to substitute Bi ions and occupy the top part of the (Bi2O2)2+ layer, previously observed from electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mapping experiments, is explained based on the tolerance factors and stress relief mechanism. The atomic resolution HAADF images also reveal the presence of the out-of-phase boundaries (OPBs). The role of OPBs in BLT is discussed in terms of its fatigue resistance as the OPBs provide extra nucleation sites for ferroelectric domains during polarization reversals. Further, we show evidence that the first deposited atomic layer at the interface also governs the subsequent film growth, resulting in the modulation of the “defect-free” and the “defected” regions throughout the BLT film in the lateral direction, parallel to the film-substrate interface. As demonstrated from atomic-resolved elemental mapping with EELS, the generation of the defect-free and regions with defect in the BLT film are likely to be induced by the presence of surface steps and dislocations at the film-substrate interface. These effects are discussed in terms of the large remanent polarization and enhanced fatigue resistance in BLT.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".