Changes in Macroaggregation and Associated Characteristics in Mine Tailings Amended with Humic Substances
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The mine tailings of a former gold mine in Nopiming Provincial Park, Central Manitoba, Canada, was observed to be highly degraded in soil structure as well as other chemical and biological characteristics. The tailings are highly acidic (pH 3.5), contaminated with copper (2000 mg kg−1), have very low organic matter (2.3 g C kg−1), and cannot be revegetated by native species. To reclaim the mine tailings, humic substances (HSs) and lime, with or without wheat straw, were incorporated in the tailings and then incubated up to 24 weeks. After incubation, a significant increase of macroaggregates, especially 2- to 20-mm aggregates, was observed in the HS-amended tailings corresponding to the length of incubation and doses of HS. Wheat straw initiated microbial activity in the mine tailings and also showed increase of the macroaggregation. Lime was less effective than HS in the formation of the macroaggregates. The amendments increased organic carbon (OC) in the mine tailings, which remained greater th...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".