Mechanisms used to dispose of progressively increasing alkali load in rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Our objective was to describe the process of alkali disposal in rats. Balance studies were performed while incremental loads of alkali were given to rats fed a low-alkali diet or their usual alkaline ash diet. Control groups received equimolar NaCl or KCl. Virtually all of the alkali was eliminated within 24 h when the dose exceeded 750 micromol. The most sensitive response to alkali input was a decline in the excretion of NH(4)(+). The next level of response was to increase the excretion of unmeasured anions; this rise was quantitatively the most important process in eliminating alkali. The maximum excretion of citrate was approximately 70% of its filtered load. An even higher alkali load augmented the excretion of 2-oxoglutarate to >400% of its filtered load. Only with the largest alkali load did bicarbonaturia become quantitatively important. We conclude that renal mechanisms eliminate alkali while minimizing bicarbonaturia. This provides a way of limiting changes in urine pH without sacrificing acid-base balance, a process that might lessen the risk of kidney stone formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".