Biogeochemical and Environmental Factors in Fe Biomineralization: Magnetite and Siderite Formation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The formation of siderite and magnetite by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria may play an important role in C and Fe geochemistry in subsurface and ocean sediments. The objective of this study was to identify environmental factors that control the formation of siderite (FeCO 3 ) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. Psychrotolerant (<20°C), mesophilic (20–35°C) and thermophilic (>45°C) Fe(III)-reducing bacteria were used to examine the reduction of a poorly crystalline iron oxide, akaganeite (β-FeOOH), without a soluble electron shuttle, anthraquinone disulfuonate (AQDS), in the presence of N 2 , N 2 -CO 2 (80:20, V:V), H 2 and H 2 -CO 2 (80:20, V:V) headspace gases as well as in -buffered medium (30–210 mM) under a N 2 atmosphere. Iron biomineralization was also examined under different growth conditions such as salinity, pH, incubation time, incubation temperature and electron donors. Magnetite formation was dominant under a N 2 and a H 2 atmosphere. Siderite formation was dominant under a H 2 -CO 2 atmosphere. A mixture of magnetite and siderite was formed in the presence of a N 2 -CO 2 headspace. Akaganeite was reduced and transformed to siderite and magnetite in a -buffered medium (>120 mM) with lactate as an electron donor in the presence of a N 2 atmosphere. Biogeochemical and environmental factors controlling the phases of the secondary mineral suite include medium pH, salinity, electron donors, atmospheric composition and incubation time. These results indicate that microbial Fe(III) reduction may play an important role in Fe and C biogeochemistry as well as C sequestration in natural environments.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it