Ripe for A New Asian Multilateralism? Asean and Contemporary Regional Dynamics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At different rates and following different patterns, Asian multilateralism, particularly in Southeast Asia, is under construction. For observers, the dynamics of regional cooperation have been transformed (or have accelerated) over recent years. This new dynamism is the result of three shocks: the end of the Cold War and the acceleration of economic liberalisation; the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998; and the events of 11 September 2001. These events modified regional processes and enabled the emergence of new forms of regional cooperation. These are characterised by the proliferation of free trade agreements, greater financial cooperation, a renewal of dialogue initiatives on security issues, and the multiplication of formal and informal regional institutions. In this article, we argue that we are now witnessing a new form of 'soft multilateralism' emerging in Asia, in which ASEAN is both well placed and very experienced. In such multilateralism, norms and principles are seldom made explicit, and are even less made constraining, but act as guiding sets of behaviours.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".