Resistance to HIV‐1 infection among African sex workers is associated with global hyporesponsiveness in interleukin4 production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT We previously identified HIV‐1 resistant prostitutes who remain persistently HIV‐1 PCR‐ and antibody‐negative despite continued heavy exposure to HIV‐1 through sex work. We hypothesized that differences in virus‐specific cytokine responses are associated with resistance vs. susceptibility to infection. Although polyclonal activation failed to reveal such differences, antigen‐mediated activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in primary culture by using intact HIV IIIB demonstrates that resistance is associated with enhanced virus‐driven interferon γ and markedly reduced IL‐4 responses relative to those seen in HIV‐1 seropositive prostitutes (CDC stage A1, CD4>500/ml). No changes were detectable in HIV‐stimulated interleukin (IL) 10 and IL‐13 production, but IL‐5 responses were somewhat increased in resistant sex workers. Moreover, the IL‐4 responses of HIV‐1 resistant women to a panel of unrelated recall antigens were more than 20‐fold reduced relative to HIV‐infected prostitutes or those of healthy Kenyan women not involved in sex work. Thus, resistant women differ from seropositive‐infected women and healthy controls by exhibiting a profound global hyporesponsiveness in their capacity to generate IL‐4 responses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".