Safety and usefulness of minor salivary gland biopsy: Retrospective analysis of 502 procedures performed at a single center
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the safety of our biopsy technique and the effectiveness of minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB) for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and amyloidosis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 452 patients with suspected SS and 50 with suspected amyloidosis and negative periumbilical fat aspiration analysis who underwent MSGB at a single center. Diagnostic evaluation for SS included Schirmer's test, unstimulated whole salivary flow, detection of antinuclear antibodies and anti-SSA/SSB, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, IgM rheumatoid factor, and serology for hepatitis C virus. For all biopsy samples, a cumulative focus score on multilevel sections was calculated. SS was diagnosed according to American-European Consensus Group (AECG) criteria. Histologic evaluation for amyloidosis was performed using Congo red staining and polarized-light microscopy. Adverse events were recorded on a questionnaire immediately after the procedure and 7 days, 14 days, and 6 months thereafter. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients (12.7%) reported transient adverse events: 40 paresthesias lasting <7 days, 17 paresthesias lasting <14 days, 27 cases of local swelling, and 8 external hematoma. One patient has had local paresthesia for 2 years. A total of 498 (99.2%) samples provided adequate material for histologic analysis. Of 452 patients evaluated for SS, 378 were finally evaluated. Ninety-three patients (24.5%) had a cumulative focus score > or =1, and 87 (94.5%) of 93 satisfied the AECG criteria. Classification of SS was possible for 124 (32.8%) of 378 patients. In 51 (41%) of 124, MSGB was essential to reach the number of criteria needed for classification. Of 50 patients evaluated for amyloidosis, 10 (20%) had positive Congo red staining. CONCLUSION: MSGB is a simple, safe, and reliable tool for the diagnosis of SS and amyloidosis, and therefore is suitable for more extensive application.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it