Une analyse des facteurs de l’acceptation et de l’usage des instruments de paiement par les commerces en France
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An Analysis of the Factors of the Acceptation and Use of Payment Instruments by Retailers in France The empirical literature on the economics of payment instruments mainly focused on consumer payment behaviours. However, the recent theoretical studies on the two-sided markets applied to payment cards show that merchant plays as well a fundamental role in the use of payment instruments at the point of sale. Now, to the exception of a Canadian study realized by Arango and Taylor (2008), there is no empirical study dedicated to the analysis of the determinants of the acceptation and use of the payment instruments by retailers. Using an original data set from a survey administrated in France from March to May 2008 on a sample of 4,601 retailers who sell goods and services to final consumers, this paper aims at analyzing the factors that influence the acceptation and use of cash, check and payment card by French retailers. Classification JEL : E42, G24, L81.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".