Integrating Demand Response into agent-based models of electricity markets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces a model for the decision-making of a Demand Response (DR) program operator as an adaptive agent participating in a competitive electricity market. The model focuses on an electricity retailer stimulating DR as a means of avoiding high balancing market prices. Nevertheless, we demonstrate the ability to extend the model to other actors who could capitalize on the value of demand flexibility - e.g. wind power producers looking to offset output variability. The model considers voluntary demand modifications whose materialization, subject to the uncertainty of consumer behavior, results in redistribution of consumption over a short time frame. As the retailer is modeled via an adaptive agent, it has the potential to learn from both consumer behavior and market outcomes. Here, we implement a reinforcement learning approach with the objective of allowing the agent to increase its profit by identifying the conditions under which DR should be stimulated. We validate the proposed agent-based model as a tool to quantify DR potential in a market setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".